Peptides Melatonin 10mg CAS：73-31-4

**Melatonin** is a natural hormone that is mainly secreted by the pineal gland. It plays an important role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythm (i.e. biological clock), and some physiological processes (such as immune function, body temperature regulation, etc.). As a peptide hormone, Melatonin not only has a key physiological role in the human body, but is also used as a therapeutic drug for sleep disorders.

### **Physical and chemical properties**:

- **Chemical formula**: C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₂

- **Molecular weight**: 232.34 g/mol

- **Appearance**: Melatonin is usually white crystals or crystalline powder, which is easily soluble in solvents such as ethanol, acetone and chloroform, but insoluble in water.

- **pH value**: The pH value of Melatonin solution in water is usually weakly acidic.

Melatonin is a derivative of tryptophan and belongs to the class of biogenic amines. It is synthesized from tryptophan through a two-step enzyme-catalyzed reaction, first converted into 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and then into melatonin.

### **Physiological effects**:

1. **Regulating the biological clock**: Melatonin is a key regulator of the body's circadian rhythm and helps regulate the body's biological clock system. Its secretion is affected by light, and is usually higher at night, helping to produce sleepiness and promote deep sleep.

2. **Sleep regulation**: The main function of melatonin is to regulate the sleep-wake cycle, especially at night, it can make people feel sleepy and promote sleep. It is not a direct hypnotic drug, but makes it easier for people to fall asleep by adjusting the biological clock.

3. **Antioxidant effect**: Melatonin has strong antioxidant properties, which can neutralize free radicals in the body and reduce oxidative stress, thereby protecting cells from damage.

4. **Immune regulation**: Melatonin can also enhance the function of the immune system, regulate the activity of immune cells, and participate in the body's immune response.

5. **Other functions**: Such as regulating body temperature, cardiovascular health, etc.

### **Dosage**:

The dosage of Melatonin usually depends on the purpose of use (such as adjusting sleep, treating jet lag, improving sleep quality, etc.) and the individual's health status. The common dosage range is as follows:

- **Adult sleep adjustment**: The recommended dose is usually 1-5 mg/day, usually taken 30 minutes to 1 hour before bedtime.

- **Jet lag**: For the treatment of jet lag, the usual dose is 3-5 mg/day, taken in advance (at least 1-2 days before arriving at the destination).

- **Children's use**: When used by children, lower doses such as 0.5-1 mg/day are usually recommended, and it should be used under the guidance of a doctor.

### **Half-life**:

Melatonin has a short half-life, usually between 30 minutes and 2 hours, and the specific half-life depends on the individual's metabolism and the method of administration. After oral ingestion, the concentration of Melatonin in the blood will reach a peak within 1-2 hours, and then decline rapidly.

Due to its short half-life, Melatonin usually does not stay in the body for a long time and is metabolized and cleared quickly. Therefore, although it helps to fall asleep quickly, it does not have a lasting effect in the body.

### **Cycle and duration of action**:

- **Fast onset**: Melatonin usually takes effect within 30 minutes to 1 hour after taking it, helping to adjust the time of falling asleep.

- **Usage cycle**: If used to improve sleep or adjust the biological clock, the use cycle of Melatonin is usually a few days to a few weeks. When used for a long time, dependence or tolerance may occur, and it needs to be used under the guidance of a doctor.

For **jet lag**, it is usually recommended to start taking it 1-2 days before travel in order to adjust the body's biological clock. For **sleep disorders**, it may take 1-2 weeks of continuous use.

### **Pharmacokinetics**:

Melatonin is metabolized in the body mainly through the liver's enzyme system (especially CYP1A2), and its metabolites are mainly excreted through urine. Due to its short half-life, Melatonin does not accumulate in the body, so it has a smaller burden on the body.

### **Side effects and risks**:

Although Melatonin is widely considered safe, side effects may occur in some cases, especially when used for a long time or improperly:

1. **Sleepiness, headache**: Some people may feel excessive sleepiness, headache, or drowsiness after taking Melatonin.

2. **Hormonal effects**: Since Melatonin is a hormone, it may affect women's menstrual cycle, especially when used for a long time.

3. **Mood swings**: Some people may feel depressed or have anxiety symptoms after taking Melatonin.

4. **Interaction with other drugs**: Melatonin may interact with certain drugs, such as anticoagulants, immunosuppressants, etc., so consult a doctor before use.

### **Clinical applications**:

- **Sleep disorders**: Melatonin is widely used to treat insomnia, difficulty falling asleep, and sleep problems caused by jet lag (such as jet lag).

- **Jet lag**: Suitable for frequent travelers across time zones to help adjust the biological clock.

- **Other uses**: In some studies, Melatonin has also been explored for the treatment of anxiety, depression, cancer adjuvant therapy, etc., but these applications are still in the research stage.

### **Summary**:

Melatonin is a hormone that plays an important role in regulating sleep, improving the biological clock and some physiological functions. It helps people fall asleep more easily by adjusting the body's circadian rhythm, and is particularly suitable for treating sleep disorders such as insomnia and jet lag. Although it has fewer side effects, long-term or improper use may pose certain risks, and it should be used under the guidance of a professional doctor.

**Peptide Melatonin applicable population, working principle, usage and dosage:**

### 1. **Applicable population**

Peptide Melatonin usually refers to Melatonin (melatonin) derivatives obtained by specific technical means (such as peptide synthesis technology), which can play a similar physiological role in the body. Compared with ordinary melatonin, peptide Melatonin may have higher bioavailability, longer lasting effect or more targeted action on certain receptors.

Applicable population mainly includes:

- **Insomnia patients**: Peptide Melatonin helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and relieve insomnia symptoms caused by insufficient melatonin levels.

- **Jet lag responders**: For people who often travel across time zones (such as crew members, people who travel frequently on business, etc.), the use of peptide Melatonin can help regulate the biological clock and reduce jet lag.

- **Elderly people**: With age, the secretion of melatonin usually decreases, so the elderly may need to supplement melatonin to help improve sleep quality.

- **People with high work pressure and emotional tension**: Long-term stress and anxiety may lead to abnormal melatonin secretion. Supplementing melatonin can help relieve stress and improve sleep quality.

- **Night shift workers**: The biological clock of night shift workers is usually disrupted. Supplementing peptide melatonin can help restore normal work and rest.

### 2. **How ​​it works**

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, which mainly regulates the body's circadian rhythm and sleep cycle. The secretion of melatonin usually increases at night to help the body prepare for sleep.

As a melatonin-like substance, peptide melatonin can simulate the physiological effects of natural melatonin and work through the following mechanisms:

- **Regulating circadian rhythm**: Melatonin helps adjust the body's biological clock, making it easier for the human body to adapt to the changes between day and night. It is closely related to light, and its secretion increases in a dark environment, helping people feel sleepy and want to sleep.

- **Promote sleep**: Melatonin acts on melatonin receptors in the brain to reduce nerve excitability, thereby promoting relaxation and falling asleep.

- **Improve sleep quality**: In addition to helping you fall asleep, melatonin may also affect the duration and quality of deep sleep, reduce nighttime awakenings, and help improve overall sleep quality.

- **Antioxidant effect**: Melatonin also has antioxidant effects, which can help remove free radicals in the body, fight oxidative damage, and promote cell repair.

### 3. **Usage and dosage**

The specific usage and dosage of peptide Melatonin should be determined according to individual conditions and doctor's advice. In general, when using melatonin products, the following points need special attention:

- **Generally recommended dose for adults**:

- The recommended dose is usually between 0.5 mg and 5 mg, depending on the individual's response to melatonin.

- **It is most effective to take it 30 minutes to 1 hour before going to bed**. For people who need to adjust their biological clock, it may be necessary to start using it a few days before traveling.

- **Dosage for children and adolescents**:

- The dosage for children and adolescents is usually lower, with a general recommended dose of 0.5 mg to 1 mg, and it needs to be used under the guidance of a doctor.

- For the treatment of sleep disorders, the use of children needs to be individualized according to age, weight and specific symptoms.

- **Dosage for special groups**:

- **Elderly**: Since the natural secretion of melatonin in the elderly is usually low, the use of peptide Melatonin under the guidance of a doctor may help improve sleep. The dosage is usually low, usually starting from 0.5 mg and gradually adjusted.

- **Patients with insomnia**: The starting dose for patients with insomnia is generally low, usually between 1 mg and 3 mg, and gradually increased depending on the situation.

- **Precautions for use**:

- **Food effects**: It is usually recommended to use melatonin on an empty stomach or within 30 minutes after a meal to avoid food affecting its absorption.

- **Avoid daytime use**: In order to avoid interfering with normal daytime activities, it is recommended to use melatonin at night. Taking it during the day may cause discomfort such as drowsiness and dizziness.

- **Short-term and long-term use**: Peptide Melatonin is suitable for short-term use, and long-term use may need to be carried out under the supervision of a doctor to avoid the body's resistance to it or other potential adverse reactions.

### 4. **Side effects**

Melatonin, as a melatonin supplement, is generally considered safe, but some side effects may still occur, especially in high doses or long-term use. Common side effects include:

- Headache, dizziness

- Nausea, stomach discomfort

- Drowsiness, fatigue

- Mood swings or mild depression

- Low blood pressure or irregular heartbeat (less common)

During the use of the product, if you experience any discomfort, it is recommended to reduce the dose or stop using it, and consult a doctor.

### 5. **Summary**

Melatonin, as a supplement to help with sleep, has the function of regulating the biological clock and improving sleep quality. It is suitable for people with insomnia, jet lag, night shift workers, etc. When using it, you should pay attention to the adjustment of the dose and use it according to your specific situation and doctor's advice.

**Melatonin** is a hormone secreted by the human pineal gland, mainly secreted at night, which plays a role in regulating the biological clock and sleep. In recent years, studies have found that in addition to regulating sleep, Melatonin also has a variety of other biological effects, involving the immune system, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and other aspects. With a deeper understanding of its benefits, Melatonin has gradually been used to treat various health problems.

The following are the main benefits of Melatonin and related biological mechanisms:

### 1. **Regulating sleep and biological clock**

Melatonin is best known for regulating biological rhythms, especially circadian rhythms. It helps the human body perceive darkness by affecting specific receptors in the brain, thereby telling the body that it is time to rest.

- **Improve sleep quality**: Melatonin can help improve sleep quality, especially for those who have insomnia problems, jet lag or irregular working hours. By supplementing Melatonin, you can shorten the time it takes to fall asleep, increase deep sleep time, and reduce nighttime awakenings.

- **Jet lag adjustment**: People who frequently fly across multiple time zones experience jet lag, and Melatonin has been found to help quickly adjust the body clock and relieve this discomfort.

### 2. **Antioxidant effect**

Melatonin has a powerful antioxidant effect that can remove free radicals from the body. It not only directly neutralizes free radicals, but also enhances the body's antioxidant capacity by activating the antioxidant enzyme system.

- **Anti-aging**: Since free radicals are the main culprits of aging and a variety of chronic diseases, Melatonin's antioxidant function is believed to slow down the aging process and protect cells from oxidative damage.

- **Neuroprotective effect**: Melatonin's antioxidant effect is particularly important for protecting the nervous system, and it can slow the progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease).

### 3. **Immunomodulation**

Melatonin is not only a sleep-regulating hormone, but also plays an important role in the immune system. It can enhance immune response by regulating immune cells (such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, etc.).

- **Immune enhancement**: Studies have shown that melatonin can enhance the function of the immune system and help resist the invasion of bacteria and viruses. It improves the body's ability to resist infection by increasing the activity and number of immune cells.

- **Anti-inflammatory effects**: Melatonin has anti-inflammatory properties and can alleviate inflammatory diseases caused by excessive immune responses (such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.).

### 4. **Anti-tumor effects**

Melatonin has been studied as a potential anti-tumor adjuvant treatment. It exerts an inhibitory effect on cancer cells through multiple mechanisms.

- **Inhibit cancer cell growth**: Melatonin has been found to inhibit tumor growth by regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of cancer cells. Studies have shown that melatonin can inhibit tumor metastasis by regulating the cell cycle and increasing the apoptosis rate of tumor cells.

- **Combined cancer therapy**: Studies have found that when melatonin is used in combination with certain chemotherapy drugs, it can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs and reduce their side effects (such as nausea, immunosuppression, etc.).

### 5. **Cardiovascular health**

Melatonin also has a positive effect on the health of the cardiovascular system. It improves heart function and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease through multiple mechanisms.

- **Blood pressure regulation**: Melatonin can help regulate blood pressure, especially for those at risk of hypertension. It lowers blood pressure by acting on vascular smooth muscle and reducing vascular tone.

- **Protecting vascular health**: Melatonin has a protective effect on vascular endothelial cells, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, thereby helping to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction.

### 6. **Metabolism and weight management**

Melatonin is not only involved in sleep regulation, but also closely related to metabolic processes, including fat metabolism, insulin sensitivity and weight control.

- **Regulating fat metabolism**: Studies have shown that Melatonin can affect fat metabolism and help the oxidation of fatty acids, thereby improving fat accumulation and promoting fat burning.

- **Improving insulin sensitivity**: Melatonin has a certain regulatory effect on insulin sensitivity, which may help improve blood sugar control in diabetic patients.

- **Weight management**: Due to its effect on fat metabolism, Melatonin is also believed to help with weight control, especially reducing metabolic disorders and obesity caused by lack of sleep.

### 7. **Emotional and Mental Health**

Melatonin is more than just a sleep hormone. It also plays a role in mood regulation and mental health. It regulates mood, anxiety, and depression symptoms by interacting with neurotransmitters in the brain.

- **Relieve anxiety and depression symptoms**: Melatonin has been found to help relieve anxiety and depression symptoms, especially when sleep problems coexist with anxiety and depression.

- **Fighting Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)**: Seasonal affective disorder is a depression associated with seasonal changes, and melatonin supplementation has been found to help relieve its symptoms and improve mood.

### 8. **Skin Health**

Melatonin also has some benefits for skin health. Due to its powerful antioxidant effects, it can help the skin resist damage caused by environmental stressors (such as ultraviolet rays, air pollution, etc.).

- **Anti-aging**: Melatonin protects the skin from ultraviolet-induced skin aging and pigmentation by reducing the production of free radicals.

- **Promote skin repair**: Studies have shown that melatonin plays an active role in skin repair and regeneration and can help accelerate wound healing.

### 9. **Other potential benefits**

In addition to the above benefits, Melatonin has shown potential in multiple areas, including:

- **Reducing the negative effects of excessive drinking**: Studies have shown that Melatonin can help reduce alcohol damage to the liver and reduce oxidative stress caused by drinking.

- **Neuroprotective effect**: Melatonin's protective effect on the nervous system makes it a potential therapeutic aid for neurological diseases (such as concussion, post-stroke recovery, etc.).

### Summary:

Melatonin's benefits go far beyond its traditional role as a sleep hormone. It has shown positive effects in multiple aspects such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, immune regulation, cardiovascular protection, metabolic balance, tumor suppression, etc. Nevertheless, Melatonin supplementation should be determined based on individual circumstances, especially for people with sleep disorders or other related diseases, it is best to use it under the guidance of a doctor.

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