Description

Technical Parameters

Introduction

Aicar3

Factory 2

musclepic 4

Products Description

Part 1: Classification System: Three Application-Oriented Categories

From the perspective of raw material powder, AICAR can be broadly classified into three grades, mainly distinguished by purity, application, and downstream application:

**I. Pharmaceutical Grade** Purity typically reaches 98% or higher, rigorously tested using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Impurities and solvent residues must comply with pharmacopoeia standards. Pharmaceutical grade is primarily used for preclinical pharmacokinetic studies, candidate drug development, and cell metabolism regulation research projects.

**II. Research Grade** Purity is generally between 95% and 98%. Suitable for research in universities, research institutes, and pharmaceutical companies, including cell experiments, animal experiments, energy metabolism studies, and exploration of anti-fatigue mechanisms. This grade offers excellent stability, moderate price, and good batch-to-batch consistency, making it the most widely used grade.

III. Industrial/Technical Grade

This type has a purity of around 90% and is primarily used for preliminary screening experiments, reagent formulation pre-research, and model building, but not for in-depth scientific research or clinical applications. Impurity control is relatively lenient, making it suitable for technology development scenarios where high purity requirements are not critical.

Part 2: Physicochemical Properties

The structural characteristics of AICAR determine its unique biological activity and solubility properties. The following are its key physicochemical parameters:

Molecular Formula: C₉H₁₄N₄O₅

Molecular Weight: 258.23 g/mol

Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder

Melting Point: 212–215°C

Stability: Relatively stable to light, but sensitive to moisture

Solubility:

Easily soluble in water

Slightly soluble in low-polarity solvents such as methanol and ethanol

Highest stability in neutral or slightly acidic aqueous solutions

Its key chemical properties derive from the purine-derived ring in the nucleoside structure, enabling it to act as an AMP analog in vivo, binding to the AMPK pathway and promoting energy metabolism reprogramming.

Part 3 Appearance and Color Standards

High-quality AICAR powder has strict appearance and color requirements:

Color: White to off-white

High-purity products should be pure white or slightly milky white, without obvious impurities. If the powder is yellowish or dark, it may indicate oxidation or increased impurity content.

Appearance: Fine powder or microcrystalline structure.

It should be uniform and fine, without lumps, and free of visible particles or foreign matter. Slight lumps may occur in batches with high hygroscopicity, but this does not affect its function and can be redispersed by drying.

Odor: Odorless or with a slight chemical odor.

Any pungent odor may indicate improper storage or contamination.

Part 4: Core Advantages and Unique Mechanism of Action of AICAR

1. Activation of the AMPK Pathway

AICAR is one of the globally recognized AMPK agonists. This enzyme is a key regulator of cellular energy balance. After entering the cell, AICAR is converted into ZMP (AICAR monophosphate), mimicking AMP signals, thereby activating AMPK and triggering changes in kinetic metabolism.

Benefits of AMPK activation include:

Improved cellular glucose uptake

Accelerated fatty acid oxidation

Reduced lipogenesis

Promoted more efficient energy metabolism

Improved mitochondrial function

2. Emphasis on Anti-fatigue and Endurance Enhancement

Animal studies show that AICAR can improve the sensitivity of muscle cells to oxidative metabolism without exercise training. Because it can increase the proportion of fatty acids used for energy, it is considered an important anti-fatigue molecule in sports research.

3. Supporting Metabolic Health Research and Glucose Metabolism Improvement

A large body of literature supports the effect of AICAR on improving insulin sensitivity. Therefore, it has become a commonly used tool in research areas such as glucose metabolism disorders, lipid metabolism abnormalities, and mitochondrial diseases.

4. Applicable to Cell and Animal Model Construction

In cell experiments, AICAR can be used to simulate energy stress environments, making it an important tool for studying energy regulation, metabolic stress, and drug screening.

Part 5: Manufacturing Process and Quality Control

Manufacturing Process Characteristics: High-quality AICAR is usually produced by enzymatic synthesis, chemical condensation, enzymatic conversion processes, or nucleoside analog chain extension reactions. Key processes include:

Purine ring construction

Ribbitol structural linking

Deprotection and purification

Recrystallization and drying

Quality testing items: Pharmaceutical and research grade standards include:

HPLC purity ≥95–98%

Water content (Karl Fischer) ≤2%

Residual solvents meet ICH guidelines

Structural identification: NMR, MS, IR

Microbiological testing (if necessary)

Strict quality standards ensure consistency and reliability in high-end scientific research and formulation development.

Part 6 Storage Requirements and Stability

To ensure activity and purity, the following storage guidelines should be followed:

Protected from light and heat

Sealed container

Storage temperature 2–8°C (lower temperatures extend stability)

Dry environment, avoid moisture absorption

AICAR can be stably stored for more than 24 months under low-temperature, light-protected conditions.

Part 7 Application Areas

1. Metabolic Disease Research

Used to explore energy regulation pathways in diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity-related diseases.

2. Cardiovascular Protection Mechanism Research

AICAR was first used in myocardial ischemia experiments, where it was shown to promote energy metabolism efficiency and enhance cellular resistance to hypoxia.

3. Exercise Science and Anti-fatigue Research

Its ability to activate AMPK makes it an important model molecule for studying endurance improvement, exercise-based alternatives, and muscle metabolic reconstruction.

4. Mitochondrial Function Research

AICAR can regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and is a commonly used tool for studying mitochondrial diseases and aging mechanisms.

5. Drug Screening and Signaling Pathway Research

As an upstream AMPK agonist, AICAR is an important control for screening AMPK ligands and evaluating metabolic regulatory drugs.

Part 8 Summary

High-quality AICAR raw material powder, as an important metabolic regulatory bioactive nucleoside analog, has irreplaceable value in scientific research and metabolic studies. Its applications are highly diverse, ranging from AMPK activation to cellular energy balance and the exploration of anti-fatigue mechanisms. Its stable and reliable physicochemical properties, pure white appearance, and easy solubility in water make it one of the essential raw materials commonly used in research laboratories and the biopharmaceutical field.

Overall, high-quality AICAR powder represents a key fundamental substance in the field of metabolic research, and its future applications will continue to expand in many areas such as metabolic medicine, exercise physiology, and cardiovascular research, providing stronger experimental impetus for scientific exploration.